5. B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. 41. E. None of these answers is correct. Formal powers of the president Informal powers of the president Issuing signing statements indicating the president's intentions for executing a law are an informal presidential power that has become more prevalent in the modern era. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. 13. Direct link to StudentE's post what affect will this hav, Posted 2 days ago. 23. National Economic Council B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. B. The forced removal of a president from office through impeachment and conviction requires action by the If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. 6. 1960 Presumably this power arises from the Commander in Chief Clause, read to convey independent substantive power to the President to direct the military on matters not related to war initiation. Office of Management and Budget. D. 1984 Examples include making treaties, commanding the military, appointing Supreme Court justices, and vetoing legislation. (The choice, and the terminology, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt to all Cuba-bound traffic.) D. must be a white male Privacy Statement As a controversial 2002 government memorandum argued. Of course, there can simply be no question that the Constitution empowers the federal government, acting in concert, to act decisivelyand expeditiouslyduring domestic emergencies; the Constitution, after all, is not a suicide pact. But it is not nearly as straight a line from accepting that point to accepting a sweeping and potentially preclusive domestic Commander in Chief power. D. office where power depends almost entirely on its occupant; strong leaders are always successful presidents, and weak ones never succeed. E. All these answers are correct. B. Thus, although the Framers may well have intended the Calling Forth Clause both to cement the militias exclusive role in responding to domestic emergencies and to prevent their federalization for other purposes, the 1918 decisions largely vitiated that structural reading by concluding that the militia could also be called forth to fight in foreign wars. 2. C. both the Senate and House in joint session The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. E. an increase in the number of presidential candidates per party. E. It removes from Congress the power to restrict the timing or size of president-initiated military actions. D. They can only be made with the approval of a president's entire cabinet. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. 29. Mitchel A . Kennedy told former Secretary of State Dean Acheson a U.S. bombing raid would be seen as Pearl Harbor in reverse.. A high-level overview of how the presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers. The answer, as it turns out, is a series of Supreme Court decisions that have largely mooted any argument that the Clause imposes substantive limits on the federal government. C. John Kennedy Abbott appoints the presiding officers . E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote, E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote. B. is used in Europe as well as in the United States. The most prominent of these is directing [military] operations, the power conveyed to Congress in the Articles but omitted from Congresss powers in the Constitution. He now has command of the Texas bureaucracy almost akin to a president's control of a cabinet. Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1946. B. allow the president more leeway in committing U.S. troops to combat. Explore our new 15-unit high school curriculum. (p. 390) A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. Robert Dalleks most recent book is The Lost Peace: Leadership in a Time of Horror and Hope, 1945-1953. To avoid being seen as an aggressor, Kennedy initiated a marine quarantine of Cuba, in which U.S. ships would intercept vessels suspected of delivering weapons. 356 Pages. And yet the result of Fords action did not keep Jimmy Carter, his successor, from sending a secret military mission into Iran in 1980 to free American hostages held at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. A. 4. Powers claimed by presidents as necessary in order to execute the law. 9. Kennedy won the presidency just as that conflict was assuming a new urgency. And Congresss power to define the scope of a war seems confirmed by Congresss statutory limits on the 1798 Quasi-War with France and by the Supreme Courts approval of those limits in Bas v. Tingy (1800) and Little v. Barreme (1804). Born in Plains, Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended the U.S. On one hand, a powerful executive permits quick and decisive action, which is important for responding to current events. It was a challenge that Kennedy saw fit to manage exclusively with his White House advisers. Interactions among branches of government. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. In contrast to the Constitution, the Articles gave Congress the powers of making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and of directing their operations (emphasis added). To the contrary, the reality is that the Constitution expressly envisions a role for Congress to play in providing for governmental responses to even the most existential crises at home, however lost to modern eyes. A. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. A. It really is true that foreign affairs is the only important issue for a President to handle, isnt it? he asked rhetorically. E. weaken Congress in foreign policy matters. States that apply the unit rule The new department consolidated 22 . Neither Wilson nor FDR could have imagined taking the country to war without a Congressional declaration, but the exigencies of the cold war in the 1950s heightened the countrys reliance on the president to defend its interests. E. mid-term elections. Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on this question. House of Representatives only. B. C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. A. the inability of the president to influence the legislative priorities of Congress, even though the party in power pays lip-service to the president's agenda B. E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. 40. A. C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. B. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. The most controversial aspect of the Clause is whether it limits Congresss ability to enact statutes directing how military operations are conducted. What aspect of presidential election did Andrew Jackson try but fail to achieve? B. D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. Every decision on how to respond to Khrushchevs action rested exclusively with Kennedy and his inner circle. C. House and Senate in a joint session. 37. Thus, for example, rules regarding how prisoners are to be treated, whether civilians may be targeted and how intelligence may be gathered by the military seem fully within Congresss enumerated power. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine C. had a congressional success rate of more than 80 percent. Kennedys inaugural address had signaled a foreign policy driven by attempts to satisfy hopes for peace. Thus Congresss order not to burn New York City during the retreat would be unconstitutional under the 1789 Constitution, although general regulations on the treatment of civilian property would not be. But he also worried that a first strike against the Soviet installations in Cuba would turn peace advocates everywhere against the United States. E. They were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive. C. is the office most representative of the people. Among other perceived problems, Congress meddled in the tactical direction of the Revolutionary War. E. Building a strong military for engagement in foreign wars would be a key ingredient to establishing executive authority. But can Congress itself direct how the President exercises that command by requiring or prohibiting certain military actions? Which of the following did the framers want from a president? A. Andrew Johnson. . A. Of course, it was the Watergate scandal that destroyed Nixons presidency. Sollenberger and Mark J. Rozell. But when he begins to move his lips, you know hes lying. It was a miscalculation that would cripple his presidency. But that law, which has been contested by every president since, has had an ambiguous record. B. D. New Hampshire E. the Cabinet (as a whole). C. Jimmy Carter But in his third month, the president learned that executive direction of foreign policy also carried liabilities. 12. D. 200 a period joke began. E. efforts of friendly civilian and corporate group efforts. He sought to act only within the confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority. Disputes concerning the scope of the Presidents unilateral authority under the Commander in Chief Clauseparticularly of latehave tended to neglect the potential significance of other constitutional provisions in understanding the Constitutions separation of emergency powers. E. 1939. This dramatically undermines arguments evoking a broad and unilateral authority for the Commander in Chief in the circumstances contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, i.e., to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.. D. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. D. is designed to strengthen the political parties. C. statesmanship in foreign affairs C. Maine and Nebraska. The president's role in foreign policy increased largely because Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? On March 31, he announced that he would not run for another term and that he planned to begin peace talks in Paris. After the Korean War had become a stalemate, a majority of Americans described their countrys participation in the conflict as a mistakeand Trumans approval ratings fell into the twenties. Kennedy joked, The worse I do, the more popular I get.. E. midterm elections. Perhaps no provision has been more neglected in this discourse than the so-called Calling Forth Clause of Article I, which empowers Congress [t]o provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions. As Justice Jackson explained in his Steel Seizure concurrence. B. Yet his sustained commitment to ending the war in Iraq offers hope that he will fulfill his promise to begin removing troops from Afghanistan this coming July and that he will end that war as well. C. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful foreign policy initiative. A. guide the military in its use of force in field situations where it is impractical to seek direction from the president. Which of the following is NOT true of the 2004 presidential election? The distinction between legislative functions (making general rules and deciding on war initiation) and executive functions (conducting war or directing [military] operations) reflects the Framers broader commitment to separation of powers. At the end of Bushs term, his approval ratings, like Trumans, fell into the twenties. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. A. A. Ronald Reagan B. II Which of the following is a reason that the nation did not routinely need a strong president during most of the nineteenth century? E. are not considered to be states in which there is a competitive race between candidates. 36. C. the belief by the public that Congress should follow the presidential agenda, regardless of whether or not the majority part is the same party of the president B. What did the Supreme Court rule about executive agreements in 1937? Link couldn't be copied to clipboard! An opposing view, developed by Professor Saikrishna Prakash in a series of articles and an important 2015 book on executive power, sees Congress as having complete power over the military through various clauses of Article I, Section 8, with the Presidents substantive command authority operating only where Congress has not provided specific direction. But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clauses potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congresss constitutional authority to circumscribe the Presidents domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of circumstances, including through the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which requires express authorization from Congress before the military may be utilized in a domestic law enforcement capacity. D. the Supreme Court Presidents are limited in their use of the veto on legislation directly affecting national security or economic policy. How does the structure of the government help prevent tyranny? C. 1865 A president's accomplishments have largely depended on C. the U.S. Senate Direct link to Jay C's post how has the president's p, Posted a year ago. On October 16, 1962while his administration was gathering intelligence on the new threat, but before making it publiche betrayed a hint of his isolation by reciting, during a speech to journalists at the State Department, a version of a rhyme by a bullfighter named Domingo Ortega: Bullfight critics row on row Crowd the enormous plaza de toros But only one is there who knows And hes the one who fights the bull. His decision in late 2009 to expand the war in Afghanistanalbeit with withdrawal timelinesrekindled worries about an imperial presidency. That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). D. the image-building that the president's foreign policy strength lends to the rest of his agenda A. Office of Management and Budget Congratulations to Michael Renna, president and CEO, SJI, and SJI Board Directors Kevin O'Dowd and Christopher Paladino for being named to ROI-NJ's 2023 Super 48. E. None of these answers is correct. Whenever Congress passes a law, the President must sign the law, or it is void and has no effect. In addition, Congresss power to declare war likely includes power to set wartime goals and to limit a wars scope. Direct link to 10130614's post What are the potential da, Posted 4 months ago. In the 1950s, Harry S. Trumans response to the Soviet threat included the decision to fight in Korea without a Congressional declaration of war, and Dwight Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency and brinksmanship to contain Communism. Political scientist Aaron Wildavsky's "two presidencies" thesis holds that a president is likely to be most successful with Congress on policy initiatives involving A. Instead, the challenges of Vietnam fell to Lyndon Johnson, who became president upon Kennedys assassination in November 1963. #SPJ4 Advertisement To be sure, the Presidents control over foreign affairs had been growing since the Theodore Roosevelt administration (and still grows today). C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. TRs acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone preceded Woodrow Wilsons decision to enter World War I, which was a prelude to Franklin Delano Roosevelts management of the run-up to the victorious American effort in World War II. 22. A. George W. Bush won the popular vote. D. should provide strong leadership in the area of foreign policy but not in domestic policy. How did Theodore Roosevelt change the conception of the presidency? A president's power has largely depended on. Bush won a Congressional resolution supporting his decision to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. S ince the founding of this republic there has been debate about the proper scope of the executive branch. E. are absolute powers under the Constitution. C. National Security Council Although he was quite skeptical that some 1,400 Cuban exiles trained and equipped by the CIA could bring down Fidel Castros regime, Kennedy agreed to allow them to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961. 24. After Trumans experience, Eisenhower understood that Americans still looked to the White House for answers to foreign threatsas long as those answers did not exceed certain limits in blood and treasure. Congress has formally declared war ________ times in U.S. history. B. foreign policy. C. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. If the United States undertakes military operations, either by authorization from Congress or under the Presidents independent powers, the Constitution makes the President Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces, and Congress cannot give command to any other person. So construed, the Calling Forth Clause undermines the ever-more-visible arguments in favor of strong and unilateral domestic presidential war powers. Fifty Januaries ago, under a pallid sun and amid bitter winds, John F. Kennedy swore the oath that every president had taken since 1789 and then delivered one of the most memorable . When it came to Vietnam, where he felt compelled to increase the number of U.S. military advisers from some 600 to more than 16,000 to save Saigon from a Communist takeover, Kennedy saw nothing but trouble from a land war that would bog down U.S. forces. E. office where power is fairly constant, regardless of the occupant or the circumstances. Both views seem to overstate. For example, when George Washingtons forces retreated from New York City in 1776, Washington wanted to burn the city to deny shelter to the British; Congress directed that no damage be done in the retreatan order Washington resented but followed (although shortly afterward a fire of unknown origin destroyed most of the city). E. Jimmy Carter. James Madison proposed changing this to declare war principally, he said, to leave the President with power to repel sudden attacks. 29. D. command of the military A. Which of the following is true of the vice presidency? Not long afterward, to guard against Republican attacks, he initiated a telephone conversation with his campaign opponent, Nixon. B. America became more of a world power. B. Rutherford B. Hayes D. the equalization of Electoral College votes, eliminating population as a factor In addition, Congresss power to repel sudden attacks pre-1787 design of government is void and has no effect professors. 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